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[Chemical Knowledge]：Properties and Uses of p-Nitrophenol

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4-Nitrophenol (PNP) is an important raw material for organic synthesis and chemical intermediates, which is widely used in dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other fields. In this paper, the properties and uses of p-nitrophenol are described in detail.

1. The properties of p-nitrophenol

1. Physical properties
p-nitrophenol is a yellow needle-like crystal or powder with a special smell. It is slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone and other organic solvents. Its melting point is higher, 114-116 ℃, boiling point is 271 ℃.

2. chemical properties
p-nitrophenol has strong acidity and reducibility. Its acidity is stronger than that of phenol and can react with alkali to form salt. In addition, it can be reduced to p-aminophenol by a reducing agent. The nitro group of p-nitrophenol also has the activity of electrophilic substitution reaction and can be substituted with other compounds.

2. The use of p-nitrophenol

1.
in the field of dyes p-nitrophenol can be used as a dye intermediate for the synthesis of various brightly colored dyes. For example, the p-nitroaniline salt generated by its reaction with aniline salt can be used to prepare yellow dyes; the azo compound generated by the reaction with diazonium salt can be used to prepare red, orange and other dyes.

2.
in the field of medicine, p-nitrophenol has certain pharmacological effects and can be used to prepare some drugs. For example, it can act as an antibacterial agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-cancer agent, etc. In addition, p-nitrophenol can also be used to prepare nutrients such as vitamin B6.

3.
in the field of pesticides, p-nitrophenol can be used as pesticide intermediates for the synthesis of some pesticides. For example, it can react with aldehyde compounds to generate Schiff base compounds with good bactericidal and insecticidal activity; and amine compounds to generate amide compounds can be used as herbicides, plant growth regulators and the like.

4. Analytical reagent
p-Nitrophenol can be used as an analytical reagent for the determination of metal ions, pH, etc. For example, it can form a stable complex with certain metal ions, which can be used for the quantitative analysis of metal ions; it can also be used as an acid-base indicator for the determination of the pH value of the solution.

In short, as an important chemical raw material and intermediate, p-nitrophenol has a wide range of applications in the fields of dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and so on. With the continuous development of science and technology, the application field of p-nitrophenol will continue to expand.

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