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[Chemical Knowledge]：The production and manufacturing methods and processes of the four alcohols of the season.

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Pentaerythritol (Pentaerythritol, referred to as PE) is an important chemical raw material, widely used in coatings, plastics, adhesives, explosives, fuels and other fields. The following is the manufacturing method of pentaerythritol:

1. acetaldehyde method

The acetaldehyde method is the main method for producing pentaerythritol, and its raw materials are acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The specific steps are as follows:

1. acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are mixed in a molar ratio of 1:3, an acidic catalyst is added, and reacted at 70-90 ° C. for 2-3 hours to generate 3-hydroxymethylbutyraldehyde.
2. 3-hydroxymethylbutyraldehyde is reacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of a basic catalyst at 70-90°C for 2-3 hours to produce pentaerythritol.
3. Use acidic solution to neutralize the reaction solution, remove the catalyst, and then conduct distillation to obtain pentaerythritol with high purity.

2. glyoxal method

glyoxal method is based on glyoxal and formaldehyde as raw materials, through the addition reaction and condensation reaction to produce pentaerythritol. The specific steps are as follows:

1. glyoxal and formaldehyde are mixed in a molar ratio of 1:2, an acidic catalyst is added, and reacted at 70-90 ° C. for 2-3 hours to generate 3-hydroxymethylpropionaldehyde.
2. 3-hydroxymethylpropanal is reacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of a basic catalyst at 70-90°C for 2-3 hours to produce pentaerythritol.
3. The post-treatment steps are the same as the acetaldehyde method. After neutralization, distillation and other operations, pentaerythritol with high purity can be obtained.

3. biological method

biological method is the method of producing pentaerythritol by microbial fermentation. The specific steps are as follows:

1. add nutrients such as glucose and yeast extract into the fermentor, and inoculate pentaerythritol-producing bacteria.
2. Fermentation under suitable conditions to produce pentaerythritol.
3. pentaerythritol with high purity can be obtained by separating the bacteria and fermentation broth by centrifugation, filtration and other operations, and post-treatment of the fermentation broth.

The above are three manufacturing methods of pentaerythritol, of which acetaldehyde method and glyoxal method are more commonly used, and the biological method is still in the research stage. In actual production, the appropriate manufacturing method can be selected according to specific conditions and requirements.

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