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[Chemical Knowledge]：Manufacturing method and process of nitric acid

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Manufacturing method
of nitric acid
nitric acid is an important raw material for chemical production, which is widely used in medicine, pesticide, dye, fertilizer and other fields. Mastering the manufacturing method of nitric acid is of great significance to improve the production efficiency and reduce the cost of chemical products. This paper will introduce the manufacturing method of nitric acid in detail, including the selection of raw materials, reaction principle, process flow, equipment selection and so on.

1. Raw Material Selection

The production of nitric acid mainly uses ammonia and dilute nitric acid as raw materials. Among them, ammonia is the main raw material of nitric acid production, dilute nitric acid as a catalyst and oxidant to participate in the reaction. When selecting raw materials, factors such as purity, cost and availability need to be considered.

2. reaction principle

nitric acid is produced by an oxidation reaction of ammonia. The specific reaction equation is as follows:

NH3 2O2 → HNO3 H2O

In the above reaction, ammonia reacts with oxygen to produce nitric acid and water. This reaction is an exothermic reaction and the reaction temperature needs to be controlled to avoid overheating and by-product formation.

3. process

nitric acid manufacturing process mainly includes the following steps:

1. Ammonia oxidation: ammonia and dilute nitric acid mixed in a certain proportion, into the oxidizer, under the action of the catalyst oxidation reaction, nitric acid and water.
2. Absorption: The oxidation product is introduced into the absorption tower to absorb nitric acid with water to generate concentrated nitric acid and dilute nitric acid.
3. Concentration: Concentrate concentrated nitric acid to increase its concentration to the required specifications.
4. Cooling crystallization: The concentrated nitric acid is cooled and crystallized to obtain a nitric acid crystal.
5. Centrifugation: The nitric acid crystals are separated from the mother liquor by a centrifuge to obtain pure nitric acid.

4. equipment selection

In the manufacturing process of nitric acid, it is necessary to select appropriate equipment to improve production efficiency and ensure product quality. The following are some key equipment selection requirements:

1. Oxidizer: It is necessary to select equipment with corrosion resistance, efficient heat transfer and good sealing performance to ensure the smooth progress of the oxidation reaction.
2. Absorption tower: It is necessary to select equipment with large capacity, high efficiency and absorption capacity to improve the absorption efficiency of nitric acid.
3. Concentration equipment: It is necessary to select equipment that can withstand high temperature, corrosion resistance and efficient heat transfer to ensure the concentration effect of nitric acid.
4. Cooling crystallization equipment: It is necessary to select equipment that can control the crystallization speed and crystal size to improve the quality of nitric acid crystals.
5. Centrifuge: It is necessary to select equipment with high speed, high efficiency and high degree of automation to improve the separation efficiency of nitric acid crystals.
Precautions for
5.

In the manufacturing process of nitric acid, the following matters need to be paid attention to:

1. Control the reaction temperature and pressure to avoid overheating and the formation of by-products.
2. Ensure the purity and proportion of raw materials to avoid adverse effects on the reaction.
3. Strengthen the maintenance and maintenance of equipment to ensure the normal operation and service life of equipment.
4. Strengthen the safety management in the production process to avoid the occurrence of safety accidents.

In short, it is of great significance to master the manufacturing method of nitric acid for improving the production efficiency of chemicals and reducing costs. In the actual production process, it is necessary to select appropriate raw materials, equipment and processes according to the specific situation to ensure the quality and output of nitric acid.

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