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[Chemical Knowledge]：Catalyst and Ligand: Tacit Partner in Chemical Reaction

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Catalysts and ligands play an important role in chemical reactions, and there are both similarities and obvious differences between them. This article will explain the difference between catalysts and ligands, and introduce their role in chemical reactions.

1. catalyst

catalyst is a substance that can accelerate the rate of chemical reactions, but does not participate in the reaction itself. It allows the reaction to occur faster by providing a lower energy reaction path. The catalyst can be added at the beginning of the reaction and retrieved after the end of the reaction. The characteristics of

catalyst are as follows:

1. The catalyst can be used multiple times without being consumed.
2. The catalyst can reduce the reaction activation energy.
3. The catalyst may play a variety of roles in the reaction, such as providing surface active sites. There are many kinds of

catalysts, including transition metal catalysts, enzyme catalysts, acid-base catalysts, etc. They have different application ranges and reaction types depending on the catalytic mechanism.

2. Ligand
A
ligand is a molecule or ion capable of forming a complex with a metal or other central ion. They form stable coordination bonds by giving one or more pairs of electrons to the central ion. The choice of ligand has an important influence on the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. The characteristics of

ligands are as follows:

1. Ligands can be combined with central ions through coordination bonds.
2. The ligand is capable of adjusting the properties of the catalyst, such as changing the electronic properties, steric configuration, etc. of the catalyst.
3. The choice of ligand can change the activity and selectivity of the catalyst.

ligand may be an organic compound, an inorganic salt, a coordination polymer, or the like. Different ligands can form different types of complexes, thereby adjusting the activity of the catalyst and the type of reaction.

3. the difference between the catalyst and the ligand

there are several obvious differences between the catalyst and the ligand:

1. different ways of participation: the catalyst does not change chemically in the reaction, and the ligand combines with the central ion to form a complex.
2. different effects: the catalyst accelerates the reaction rate by reducing the activation energy of the reaction, while the ligand affects the reaction process by adjusting the nature of the catalyst.
3. Different ways of use: the catalyst can be used many times, and the ligand is difficult to detach again after the complex is formed.

4. the role of catalysts and ligands in chemical reactions

catalysts and ligands cooperate with each other in chemical reactions, play their respective roles, and jointly promote the reaction. The role of

catalysts in chemical reactions is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1. Reduce the activation energy of the reaction and make the reaction more likely to occur.
2. Provide surface active sites to increase opportunities for reactant adsorption and interaction.
3. Adjust the reaction path and affect the selectivity of the reaction. The role of

ligands in chemical reactions is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1. affect the properties of the catalyst, such as changing the electronic properties of the catalyst, spatial configuration, etc.
2. Control the activity and selectivity of the catalyst.
3. Provide coordination bonds to stabilize the central ion and regulate the reaction process.

In short, catalysts and ligands are tacit partners in chemical reactions. They synergistically promote the reaction by their unique roles. Understanding the difference between catalysts and ligands will help us to better understand and master the mechanism of chemical reactions, and provide greater possibilities for the development of new catalysts and the improvement of reaction efficiency.